Guía clínica para el tratamiento de lesiones endoperiodontales sin compromiso radicular en pacientes periodontales / Clinical practice guide for the treatment of endoperiodontal lesions without root compromise in periodontal patients

La comunicación patológica entre la pulpa y el pe-riodonto se denomina lesión endoperiodontal. Puede presentarse de forma aguda o crónica, y su mani-festación más común es la presencia de un absceso acompañado de dolor. Es importante realizar una detenida evaluación clínica y radiográfica para esta-blecer un correcto diagnóstico y plan de tratamiento. Por este motivo, el objetivo de esta guía es presentar un protocolo consensuado entre las Cátedras de Pe-riodoncia y Endodoncia de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Buenos Aires (FOUBA), para su tratamiento (AU)

The pathological communication between the pulp and the periodontium is called Endoperiodontal Lesion. It can be presented in an acutely or chronically form and its most common manifestation is the presence of an abscess accompanied by pain. It is important to carry out a careful clinical and radiographic evaluation to establish a correct diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment plan. For this reason, the objective of this guide is to present a consensus protocol between Periodontics and Endodontics Departments of the Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Buenos Aires (FOUBA) for their treatment (AU)

Investigation of patients with coronary slow flow in terms of periodontal health status

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the relationship between periodontal health status and coronary slow flow phenomenon. METHODS: One hundred and two patients who underwent coronary angiography with the diagnosis of stable angina pectoris were included in the study. Patients were divided into two groups: patients with coronary slow flow (Test group) (n=51), and patients with normal coronary angiography (Control group) (n=51). Diagnosis of slow coronary flow was made according to Beltrame criteria by coronary angiography. Demographic characteristics of the participants were recorded. The periodontal health was assessed by clinical periodontal parameters such as probing depth, clinical attachment level, gingival index, plaque index, and bleeding on probing. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between groups as regards the frequencies of hypertension, smoking (p>0.05). As for the periodontal parameters of the study groups, probing depth, gingival index, plaque index, bleeding on probing, and clinical attachment level values were statistically higher in the test group compared to the control group (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Periodontitis might be accepted as one of the underlying causes of coronary slow flow. Patients with coronary slow flow should be evaluated for an underlying periodontal disease, and treatment of periodontal disease can protect against future cardiovascular events.

The accuracy of linear measurements in cone beam computed tomography for assessing intrabony and furcation defects: a systematic review and meta-analysis / La precisión de las mediciones lineales en la tomografía computarizada de haz cónico para evaluar defectos intraóseos y de furcación: una revisión sistemática y un metanálisis

Objective: This study aims to assess the accuracy of the linear measurements of intrabony and/or furcation defect quantified by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Material and Methods: A systematic search of the literature was conducted by two authors independently from the PubMed, Scopus, and EBSCO for full articles published in journals between January 2003 and March 2017. Eligible studies were assessed for quality and heterogeneity using the QUADAS-2 tool. A meta-analysis was performed to identify the accuracy of CBCT in the measurement of intrabony defects. The effect size was estimated and reported as the standardised mean difference (SMD). Results: A total of 105 titles and abstracts were screened. Of those, 11 articles met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review while only four were selected for meta-analysis. The overall effects of standardized mean difference and 95% CI was -0.03 [95% CI -0.67 to 0.60] with a x2 statistic of 0.49 with 3 degrees of freedom (p>0.05), I2= 0.01%. Conclusion: CBCT is highly accurate and reproducible regarding linear measurements for assessing intrabony defects with a weighted standardized mean difference of 0.03 mm. More randomised controlled trials are required to assess the accuracy of CBCT in assessing patients with periodontal defects.

Objetivo: Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar la precisión de las mediciones lineales de defectos intraóseos y/o de furcación cuantificados por tomografía computarizada de haz cónico (CBCT). Material y Métodos: Dos autores, independientemente realizaron una búsqueda sistemática de la literatura en PubMed, Scopus y EBSCO, para obtener artículos completos publicados en revistas entre Enero de 2003 y Marzo de 2017. Los estudios elegibles se evaluaron para determinar la calidad y la heterogeneidad utilizando la herramienta QUADAS-2. Se realizó un metanálisis para identificar la precisión de CBCT en la medición de defectos intraóseos. El tamaño del efecto se estimó y se informó como la diferencia de medias estandarizada (DME). Resultados: Se seleccionaron un total de 105 títulos y resúmenes. De ellos, 11 artículos cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión para la revisión sistemática, mientras que solo cuatro fueron seleccionados para el metanálisis. Los efectos generales de la diferencia de medias estandarizada y el IC del 95% fueron -0.03 [IC del 95%: -0.67 a 0.60] con una estadística X2 de 0.49 con 3 grados de libertad (p>0.05), I2= 0.01%. Conclusión: CBCT es altamente preciso y reproducible con respecto a mediciones lineales para evaluar defectos intraóseos con una diferencia de medias estandarizada ponderada de 0.03 mm. Se requieren más ensayos controlados aleatorios para evaluar la precisión de CBCT en la evaluación de pacientes con defectos periodontales.

Investigations of the prevalence and virulence of Candida albicans in periodontal and endodontic lesions in diabetic and normoglycemic patients

Abstract Pulpal and periodontal tissues have similar microbiota that allows cross-contamination between the pulp and periodontal tissues. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of isolated Candida albicans from periodontal endodontic lesions in diabetic and normoglycemic patients, and the fungi's virulence in different atmospheric conditions. Material and Methods A case-control study was conducted on 15 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (G1) and 15 non-diabetics (G2) with periodontal endodontic lesions. Samples of root canals and periodontal pockets were plated on CHROMagar for later identification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and virulence test. Results C. albicans was identified in 79.2% and 20.8% of the 60 samples collected from diabetic and normoglycemic patients, respectively. Of the 30 samples collected from periodontal pockets, 13 showed a positive culture for C. albicans, with 77% belonging to G1 and 23% to G2. Of the 11 positive samples from root canals, 82% were from G1 and 18% from G2. Production of proteinase presented a precipitation zone Pz<0.63 of 100% in G1 and 72% in G2, in redox and negative (Pz=1), under anaerobic conditions in both groups. Hydrophobicity of the strains from G1 indicated 16.4% with low, 19.3% with moderate, and 64.3% with high hydrophobicity in redox. In G2, 42.2% had low, 39.8% had moderate, 18% had high hydrophobicity in redox. In anaerobic conditions, G1 showed 15.2% with low, 12.8% with moderate, and 72% with high hydrophobicity; in G2, 33.6% had low, 28.8% had moderate, and 37.6% had high hydrophobicity. There was statistical difference in the number of positive cultures between G1 and G2 (p<0.05) with predominance in G1. There was statistical difference for all virulence factors, except hemolysis (p=0.001). Conclusions Candida albicans was isolated more frequently and had higher virulence in diabetic patients.

Efeito do artefato de "beam hardening" na capacidade de identificação das alterações periodontais e peri-implantares / "Beam Hardening" artefact effect in identifying capacity of periodontal and peri-implant changes

O diagnóstico por imagem é um exame complementar importante para o diagnóstico e acompanhamento da doença periodontal e peri-implantar e atualmente a tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC) substitui o uso das tomografias convencionais odontológicas e da tomografia computadorizada médica. No entanto, artefatos ocorrem principalmente, próximos de estruturas de alta densidade como o metal, sendo que essa alteração pode interferir na interpretação das imagens e no diagnóstico. Sendo assim, o presente estudo tem como objetivo realizar uma revisão de literatura relacionada ao efeito do artefato de "beam hardening" na capacidade de identificação das alterações periodontais e peri-implantares. Conclui-se que a TCFC promove uma avaliação tridimensional de doença periodontal e da peri-implantite, mas na presença de artefatos metálicos pode haver uma limitação da qualidade da imagem do nível ósseo ao redor dos dentes e implantes.(AU)

Diagnostic imaging is an important complementary method for the diagnosis and follow up of periodontal disease and peri-implant and nowadays cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) replaces the use of conventional dental CT scans and medical CT scan. However, artifacts occur mainly near high-density structures such as metal, and this change may interfere interpretation of the images and diagnosis. Therefore, this study aims to conduct a literature review on the effect of "beam hardening" artifact in identifying capacity of periodontal and peri-implant changes. We conclude that CBCT promote three-dimensional evaluation of periodontal disease and peri-implantitis, but presence of metal artifacts could be a limitation of the image quality of bone level around the teeth and implants.(AU)

Evaluation and new classification of alveolar bone dehiscences using cone-beam computed tomography in vivo / Evaluación y nueva clasificación de las dehicencias del hueso alveolar mediante tomografía computadorizada de haz cónico in vivo

Alveolar bone dehiscences, which were "V" shaped defects related the margin of the alveolar bone, were common findings in different populations and decreased bony support of teeth. It was difficult to detect dehiscence during direct clinical examination. All of the previous studies on the prevalence of dehiscences were based on dry human skulls. In the current article, we evaluated the prevalence of dehiscences occurring naturally in a Chinese subpopulation, and prepared a classification of dehiscences using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). The high prevalence rate of dehiscences and different characteristics of each category suggest that it would be helpful for clinicians who perform periodontal surgery, endodontic surgery, implant surgery or orthodontic treatment to understand which teeth are most often associated with such bony defects, and to consider the effect of severe dehiscences on their diagnosis and treatment plan.

Las dehiscencias óseas alveolares, con forma de "V" en el margen del hueso alveolar, son hallazgos comunes en diferentes poblaciones y provocan una disminución del soporte óseo de los dientes. La dehiscencia fue difícil de identificar durante la exploración clínica directa. Todos los estudios anteriores sobre la prevalencia de dehiscencia se basaron en cráneos humanos secos. En el presente artículo, se evaluó la prevalencia de dehiscencia natural ocurrido en una subpoblación de China. Realizamos una clasificación de las dehiscencias mediante tomografía computarizada cone-beam (TCCB). La alta prevalencia de dehiscencias y las diferentes características de cada categoría sugieren que esta clasificación sería de gran ayuda para los médicos que realizan cirugía periodontal, endodóntica, cirugía de implantes o tratamiento de ortodoncia, permitiendo informar sobre que dientes están más frecuentemente asociados con tales defectos óseos, y poder considerar los efectos severos de las dehiscencias severas en el diagnóstico y el plan de tratamiento.

Lesión endoperiodontal combinada secundaria a un traumatismo incisal / Combined endoperiodontal injury secondary to trauma incisal

Introducción: en la práctica estomatológica, es frecuente encontrar situaciones clínicas en las que, en una somera exploración, no es fácil determinar si se trata de una afección endodóntica, periodontal o una combinación de ambas, por lo que la clasificación de estas lesiones se realiza en relación con la fuente primaria de origen, que puede ser pulpar o periapical, y a partir de estas estructuras afectar al diente en su conjunto, extendiendo el proceso infeccioso, incluso hasta las crestas óseas; no existe marcada diferencia en cuanto a grupos de edades y sexo. Objetivos: el objetivo de este trabajo es presentar el caso clínico de lesión endoperiodontal combinada, secundaria a traumatismo incisal y la importancia de la radiografía para su diagnóstico. Datos del caso: paciente de sexo femenino con antecedentes de salud anterior que acude por presentar dolor y aumento de volumen de color rojo intenso en región de incisivos centrales superiores, radiográficamente aparece una lesión que involucra los tercios apicales de incisivos central y lateral, presentando vitalidad en este último. Fue tratada por el servicio de urgencia realizándosele el acceso cameral. Principales comentarios: Fue necesario realizar en una variedad de exámenes tanto clínicos como pruebas diagnósticas para la diferenciación entre las lesiones endodónticas y periodontales verdaderas. El diagnóstico definitivo solo pudo establecerse sobre la base de los hallazgos clínico-radiográficos. Se realizó un tratamiento combinado endodóntico y periodontal con un buen pronóstico(AU)

Introduction: in dental practice, it is common to find clinical situations in which, in a cursory examination, it is not clear whether this is an endodontic, periodontal or a combination of both affections, so that the classification of these lesions is performed in relation to the primary source of origin which may be pulp or periapical and from these structures affect the tooth as a whole; spreading the infection process, even the bony ridges. There are no marked difference in age groups and sex. Objectives: the aim of this paper is to present a case of combined endoperiodontal injury secondary to incisal trauma and the importance of radiography for diagnosis. Facts of the case: female patient with a history of previous health comes having pain and enlargement of deep red upper central incisor region, radiographically injury involving the apical thirds of central and lateral incisors appear, showing vitality in this one. It was treated by the emergency service by cameral access. Main comments: It was necessary in a variety of both clinical examination and diagnostic tests for differentiating between true endodontic and periodontal lesions. The definitive diagnosis could only be established on the basis of clinical and radiographic findings. Combined periodontal and endodontic treatment was performed with a good prognosis(AU)

Evaluation of the relative efficacy of autologous platelet-rich plasma in combination with β-tricalcium phosphate alloplast versus an alloplast alone in the treatment of human periodontal infrabony defects: A clinical and radiological study.

Background: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) contains high levels of polypeptide growth factors that may enhance periodontal regeneration when combined with graft materials. Aim: The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of autologous PRP in combination with β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) versus β-TCP alone in the treatment of human infrabony defects. Materials and Methods: Using a split-mouth design, 20 patients showing clinical evidence of almost identical bilateral infrabony defects were randomly selected. The right infrabony defects of the patient were designated as Group A and treated by the placement of β-TCP alone. The left infrabony defects of the same patient were designated as Group B and treated by the placement of PRP mixed with β-TCP. Clinical assessment of probing pocket depth and attachment level and radiographic evaluation of the defect depth were done preoperatively and at 12, 24 and 36 weeks postoperatively. The relative efficacy of two treatment modalities was evaluated using paired Student's t-test and the comparative evaluation between the two groups was done using independent Student's t-test. Results: Both the groups exhibited a highly significant reduction in probing pocket depth, gain in clinical attachment level and linear bone fill at the end of 36 weeks postoperatively. Comparative evaluation between the two study groups revealed a significant reduction in probing pocket depth (P = 0.036*), mean gain in clinical attachment level (P = 0.042*) and linear bone fill (P = 0.014*) in Group B as compared to Group A. Conclusions: Combination of PRP and β-TCP led to a significantly more favorable clinical and radiographic improvement in infrabony periodontal defects.

Evaluation of the relative efficacy of copolymerized polylactic-polyglycolic acids alone and in conjunction with polyglactin 910 membrane in the treatment of human periodontal infrabony defects: A clinical and radiological study.

Background: Absorbable synthetic biopolymers have been used as bone filler in Periodontology, proving effective stimulants to bone regeneration. Aim: Copolymerized polylactic and polyglycolic acid is used as a bone filler and polyglactin 910 as a guided tissue regeneration (GTR) membrane to achieve regeneration in periodontal infrabony defects. Materials and Methods: Forty patients with two- or three-walled infrabony defects were selected and randomly divided into two groups. Group A included patients treated with polylactic-polyglycolic acids 50:50 (Fisiograft® ,Ghimsa SPA,Via Fucini, Italy) alone and Group B included patients treated with polylactic-polyglycolic acids (PLA-PGA)50:50 in conjunction with polyglactin acid 910 (Vicryl Mesh® Johnson&Johnson , U.S.A ). Evaluation of clinical parameters probing depth and attachment level and radiographs was done preoperatively and 12 and 24 weeks postoperatively. Results: Both the groups showed statistically significant mean reduction in probing depth and gain in clinical attachment level and linear bone fill. Conclusions: Within the limit of this study, both the treatment modalities are beneficial for the treatment of infrabony defects.

Cone beam computed tomography and intraoral radiography for diagnosis of dental abnormalities in dogs and cats

The development of veterinary dentistry has substantially improved the ability to diagnose canine and feline dental abnormalities. Consequently, examinations previously performed only on humans are now available for small animals, thus improving the diagnostic quality. This has increased the need for technical qualification of veterinary professionals and increased technological investments. This study evaluated the use of cone beam computed tomography and intraoral radiography as complementary exams for diagnosing dental abnormalities in dogs and cats. Cone beam computed tomography was provided faster image acquisition with high image quality, was associated with low ionizing radiation levels, enabled image editing, and reduced the exam duration. Our results showed that radiography was an effective method for dental radiographic examination with low cost and fast execution times, and can be performed during surgical procedures.

Comparação das imagens radiográficas digitais e convencionais em reabsorções ósseas periodontais / Comparison of the conventional and digital radiographic image in periodontal bone resorption

Objetivo: Analisar os defeitos ósseos periodontais, pela comparação das imagens digitais (utilizando as ferramentas do Digora fmx 2.5) com as convencionais na angulação de -10, 0 e +10º, pela análise de três observadores. Métodos: Para obtenção das imagens foi utilizado um aparelho de Raio-X convencional, com padronização da tomada radiográfica, pela utilização do posicionador do tipo Rinn® e moldagem de resina das superfícies oclusais dos dentes a serem radiografados, nas três incidências radiográficas utilizadas. O contraste e a densidade foram padronizados no emprego do sistema digital Digora, com as exposições dos Raio-X adequadas a cada região. As radiografias convencionais foram realizadas com películas do tipo Insight da marca Kodak nº 2. As imagens digitais foram analisadas no monitor do computador por meio do software do Digora 2.5, utilizando a ferramenta para alterações das imagens padrão, 3D e negativa e as convencionais observadas em um negatoscópio apropriado. Resultados: O resultado estatístico demonstrou diferença significativa na análise entre os observadores, quanto às imagens obtidas, as digitais produziram imagens consideradas de qualidade inferior sem alterações das ferramentas em comparação à radiografia convencional e quando a imagem digital era alterada (brilho, contraste, 3D), a qualidade aumentava significativamente, sendo comparável à produzida pela película convencional. Quanto ao ângulo de incidência do feixe dos Raio-X, não foram detectadas diferenças significativas entre os mesmos, ocorrendo o mesmo quanto ao lado radiográfico. Conclusão: Os métodos radiográficos convencionais e digitais (quando da utilização das ferramentas para alteração das imagens) não demonstraram diferenças estatísticas na efetividade da quantificação dos defeitos ósseos periodontais.

Objective: To assess periodontal bone defects, comparing the digital images (using the tools of Digora® fmx 2.5) with the conventional angle of -10, 0 and 10 degrees, through the three evaluators analysis. Methods: To obtain the images we used a conventional X -ray machine with standardized radiography, using the positioner type Rinn and resin molding of the occlusal surfaces of teeth to be X-ray in three radiographic. The contrast and density were standardized in the use of digital Digora with X-ray exposures appropriate to each region. The radiographs were performed with films Kodak Insight brand 2. Digital images were analyzed on the computer monitor through Digora 2.5 software, using the tool to change the default images, 3D and conventional negative and observed in an appropriate light box. Results: The results of statistical analysis showed significant difference between the observers in the images obtained, the digital images produced poor quality images without changing tools in comparison to conventional radiography and when the digital image was changed (brightness, contrast, 3D), the quality increased significantly, as compared to that produced by conventional film. As the angle of incidence of the x-rays beam, there were no significant differences between them, the same happened on the radiographic side. Conclusion: The conventional and digital radiographic methods (when using the tools to change the images), showed no statistical differences in the effectiveness of the quantification of periodontal bone defects.

Incidence of mandibular nutrient canals in hypertensive patients: a radiographic study.

Hypertension, also called a 'silent killer,' is one of the most common medical problems seen in our profession. A prospective study was conducted in the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology to determine the incidence of the appearance of nutrient canals in the periapical radiographs of the mandibular anterior region of patients with high blood pressure. A total of 100 patients, between 10-80 years, were examined. After taking a proper history, systemic and oral examinations were done and the findings were recorded under two categories, hypertensive patients and normotensive patients. They were further subdivided according to their periodontal status. Intraoral periapical radiographs of the lower anterior region were then taken. Radiographs were interpreted with a good X-ray viewer and the use of a magnifying glass. Findings were recorded on a prepared format.

survey on the accuracy of radiovisiography in the assessment of interproximal intrabony defects

Digital measurement of RVG may improve diagnostic interpretation of radiographs in terms of accuracy, although it has been shown that validity of linear measurements of interproximal bone loss could not be improved by basic digital manipulations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of RadioVisioGraphy [RVG] in the linear measurement of interproximal bone loss in intrabony defects. Thirty two radiographs of 56 periodontally diseased teeth exhibiting interproximal intrabony defects were obtained by a standardized RVG technique and Intrabony defect depths were determined by linear measurement analysis of RVG. The following four distances were assessed intrasurgically: the cemento enamel junction [CEJ] to the alveolar crest, the CEJ to the deepest extention of the bony defect [BD], the occlusal plane to the BD and the OP to the AC. Comparison between RVG measures and intrasurgical estimates were performed using paired t-test. The radiographic measurements overestimated interproximal bone loss as compared to the intrasurgical measurements: CEJ-BD measurement by 3.492 [P +/- 3.589 mm and intra-surgically was 6.492 +/- RVG was 6.803<0.000]. No statistically significant difference was seen between CEJ and occlusal references in RVG measurements [P<0.729]. Radiographic assessment by either the CEJ or occlusal references overestimated bone loss as compared to the intrasurgical gold standard

Periodontal diseases in Mosul city: Clinical and radiographical study

To determine the prevalence of periodontal diseases in Mosut city. Design: Case-series descriptive design: Participants: Five hundred adult patients attending the principal dental health center In Mosul. Setting: The principal dental health center in Mosul is the referral dental clinic. The patients were examined during 6 months from March to the end of August 1996. Mean outcome measures: Clinical examination of dental plague, gingival tissue, periodontal pocket depth, loss of attachment and alveolar bone and supported by radiographic examination of the alveolar bone crest. The extent of the alveolar bone loss was 4.4% in women and 4% in men of the sample examined. The study showed a moderate gingivitis that was observed in the majority of population involved in this study. The loss of attachment increased with age and was higher in women than in men

Imaging in periodontology. An update.

Traditional diagnostic procedures for periodontal diseases, such as probing and radiographic assessment, provide information on previous disease experience but not of present site-specific disease activity. Recent advances in computer-based image acquisition and processing techniques has increased the importance of radiography in periodontal diagnosis. The era of digital imaging has commenced in dentistry with definite diagnostic advantages. Significant dose reductions and image quality enhancement are among major advantages. The aim of this paper is to review the the imaging techniques being used in periodontology. There is a bright future of imaging technology on the horizon of dentistry.